Analisis Fiqh Terhadap Peruntukan Penerima Wasiat Wajibah di Negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan [A Fiqh Analysis of the Provisions on Beneficiaries of Compulsory Bequests in the States of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan]

Abstract

Wasiat wajibah merupakan suatu kaedah pemberian harta pusaka melalui peruntukan undang-undang kepada waris yang terhalang daripada mewarisi harta pusaka. Di Malaysia terdapat beberapa negeri yang memperuntukkan berkaitan wasiat wajibah antaranya ialah Negeri Selangor dan Negeri Sembilan. Namun begitu, terdapat perbezaan ke atas penerima wasiat wajibah dalam undang-undang bertulis di kedua-dua negeri tersebut. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji golongan yang layak menerima wasiat wajibah dalam Enakmen Wasiat Orang Islam (Selangor) (Pindaan) 2016 dan Enakmen Wasiat Orang Islam (Negeri Sembilan) 2004 serta menganalisis pandangan fuqaha yang mendasari perbezaan antara kedua-dua enakmen. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan kaedah analisis kandungan terhadap teks-teks fiqh klasik dan kontemporari, serta analisis perbandingan terhadap kedua-dua enakmen berkenaan. Kajian juga merujuk kepada pandangan mazhab-mazhab fiqh utama dalam Islam bagi memahami asas-asas penetapan golongan penerima wasiat wajibah. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa perbezaan peruntukan ini berpunca daripada perbezaan pandangan tentang tujuan pemberian harta pusaka kepada golongan penerima wasiat wajibah. Negeri Selangor mengambil pendekatan yang lebih inklusif berdasarkan prinsip keadilan dan kemaslahatan, manakala Negeri Sembilan masih berpegang kepada mazhab Shafi’i yang mengehadkan penerimaan kepada cucu daripada anak lelaki sahaja. Kajian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi asas penilaian semula terhadap penetapan golongan penerima wasiat wajibah oleh negeri-negeri di Malaysia dalam menambah baik peruntukan wasiat wajibah tersendiri.

Compulsory bequest (wasiat wajibah) is a mechanism of estate distribution through statutory provisions to heirs who are barred from inheriting under the rules of faraid. In Malaysia, several states have incorporated provisions relating to compulsory bequests, among which are the States of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan. Nevertheless, there are differences in the categories of beneficiaries of compulsory bequests as prescribed in the written laws of these two states. Hence, this study aims to examine the groups eligible to receive compulsory bequests under the Islamic Wills (Selangor) (Amendment) Enactment 2016 and the Islamic Wills (Negeri Sembilan) Enactment 2004, as well as to analyse the juristic views (fuqaha) that underpin the differences between the two enactments. The study employs a qualitative approach using content analysis of both classical and contemporary fiqh texts, alongside a comparative analysis of the two enactments. It also refers to the views of the major schools of Islamic jurisprudence to elucidate the foundations for determining the categories of beneficiaries of compulsory bequests. The findings indicate that the divergence in provisions arises from differing perspectives regarding the purpose of allocating estate shares to the beneficiaries of compulsory bequests. Selangor adopts a more inclusive approach grounded in the principles of justice and public interest (maslahah), whereas Negeri Sembilan adheres to the Shafi‘i school, which restricts entitlement to grandchildren through sons only. This study is expected to provide a basis for the reassessment of the determination of compulsory bequest beneficiaries by states in Malaysia towards enhancing their respective statutory provisions on compulsory bequests.