Penyelewengan Tasawuf dan Tarekat: Analisis Perbandingan Wacana Global dan Tempatan [Deviation in Sufism and Tarekat: A Comparative Analysis of Global and Local Discourse]

Abstract

Isu penyelewengan akidah dalam amalan tasawuf dan tarekat merupakan fenomena sejagat yang turut memberi kesan ketara kepada masyarakat Islam di Malaysia, sekali gus mencetuskan persoalan berkaitan garis pemisah antara ortodoksi dan heterodoks dalam tradisi Islam. Kajian-kajian lepas di peringkat global banyak membincangkan bentuk penyelewengan seperti hulul, ittihad, wahdatul wujud ekstrem, ghuluw dan bidaah serta respons ulama Sunni seperti al-Ghazali dan Ibn Taimiyyah. Sementara itu, kajian di Malaysia, khususnya di Kelantan pula lebih tertumpu kepada kes-kes tarekat yang difatwakan sesat dan peranan institusi seperti JAKIM dan JHEAIK dalam penguatkuasaannya. Walau bagaimanapun, kedua-dua korpus tersebut jarang dibincangkan secara bersepadu dalam satu perbandingan yang sistematik. Artikel ini bertujuan membincangkan tema-tema utama dalam kajian lepas berkaitan penyelewengan tasawuf dan tarekat di peringkat global dan di Malaysia, khususnya di Kelantan. Seterusnya, membandingkan persamaan dan perbezaan antara kedua-dua korpus tersebut serta mengenal pasti jurang kajian yang masih wujud. Kajian menggunakan pendekatan sorotan literatur naratif yang mensintesis dan membandingkan secara tematik komparatif berlandaskan kerangka konseptual ortodoksi dan heterodoks. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa kedua-dua korpus berkongsi persamaan dari segi corak penyelewengan dan peranan ulama atau institusi namun berbeza dari segi fokus, iaitu kajian global lebih menumpukan isu falsafah manakala kajian tempatan lebih tertumpu kepada isu praktikal dan birokrasi fatwa. Kajian turut mengenal pasti jurang kajian berkaitan peranan JHEAIK yang masih kurang diteliti secara mendalam. Dapatan kajian menawarkan satu rangka perbandingan bersepadu yang dapat memperkaya bidang pengajian tasawuf, sejarah Islam Alam Melayu dan tadbir urus agama di Malaysia.

The issue of doctrinal deviation in Sufi and tarekat practices constitutes a global phenomenon that has significantly affected Muslim communities in Malaysia, thereby raising questions concerning the boundary between orthodoxy and heterodoxy within the Islamic tradition. Studies at the global level have extensively discussed forms of deviation such as hulul, ittihad, extreme wahdatul wujud, ghuluw and bidaah, as well as the responses of Sunni scholars such as al-Ghazali and Ibn Taimiyyah. Meanwhile, studies conducted in Malaysia, particularly in Kelantan, have focused primarily on cases of tarekat declared deviant and the role of institutions such as JAKIM and JHEAIK in their enforcement. However, these two bodies of literature are rarely examined together within a single systematic comparison. This article aims to discuss the main themes emerging from past studies on the deviation of Sufism and tarekat at the global level and in Malaysia, particularly Kelantan, and subsequently to compare the similarities and differences between the two bodies of literature while identifying existing research gaps. The study adopts a narrative literature review approach that synthesises and compares themes through a thematic comparative method grounded in the conceptual framework of orthodoxy and heterodoxy. The findings indicate that the two bodies of literature share similarities in terms of patterns of deviation and the role of scholars or institutions, yet differ in focus, whereby global studies tend to emphasise philosophical issues while local studies are more concerned with practical matters and fatwa bureaucracy. The study further identifies a research gap concerning the role of JHEAIK, which remains insufficiently examined. The findings offer an integrated comparative framework that can enrich the fields of Sufi studies, the history of Islam in the Malay world, and religious governance in Malaysia.